Research isn't a monolithic endeavor. It encompasses a variety of approaches tailored to answer different kinds of questions and delve into various subjects. Here's a breakdown of some common types of research:

By Purpose:

• Basic Research (or Fundamental Research): Aims to expand fundamental knowledge without a specific practical application in mind. It explores natural phenomena, human behavior, or social structures to understand the underlying mechanisms. (e.g., investigating the properties of black holes, studying the origins of language)

• Applied Research: Focuses on solving specific problems or developing practical applications of existing knowledge. It takes scientific discoveries and translates them into solutions for real-world challenges. (e.g., developing new drugs, designing energy-efficient buildings)

By Methodology:

• Quantitative Research: Relies on numerical data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses. It measures variables and seeks to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Common methods include surveys, experiments, and content analysis of numerical data.

• Qualitative Research: Explores experiences, meanings, and perspectives through non-numerical data. It aims to understand the "why" behind phenomena and provides rich insights into human behavior and social contexts. Common methods include interviews, focus groups, and textual analysis.

By Data Collection:

• Experimental Research: Sets up controlled experiments to manipulate variables and observe the effects. This allows for testing hypotheses and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. (e.g., testing the effectiveness of a new medication)

• Observational Research: Gathers data through observation without manipulating variables. Researchers observe and record phenomena as they naturally occur. (e.g., studying animal behavior in their natural habitat, conducting surveys to understand consumer preferences)

Other Specific Types:

• Action Research: Aims to improve a specific situation or solve a problem within a particular context. It involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, with a cyclical process of research, action, reflection, and further research. (e.g., implementing a new teaching method in a classroom and evaluating its effectiveness)

• Historical Research: Examines past events and analyzes historical data to understand the past and its influence on the present. It uses primary sources (e.g., documents, artifacts) and secondary sources (e.g., historical accounts) to reconstruct the past.

• Survey Research: Collects data from a population or sample through surveys and questionnaires. This allows researchers to gather information on opinions, attitudes, or behaviors from a large number of people.

The choice of research type depends on the research question, the field of study, and the resources available.

Remember, these categories are not always mutually exclusive. Research can combine elements from different types to create a well-rounded investigation.